Fire And Rescue Leadership Essay

The rapid and dynamic environment in which fire safety and rescue services operate require transformational leadership which can manage subsequent pressures in organizations. Leadership is important in directing workers in any organization towards achieving organizational objectives. The rapid changes that take place during a fire emergency can only be properly managed through flexible working patterns and communication tools (Crosby, 2007 P. 10). Organizational leadership is generally responsible for designing vision and communicating values that are consistent with the mission of the organization. Followers are therefore coached on best practices and procedures for giving and receiving feedback on sensitive matters to the organization. Exchange of ideas within the organization is a product of harmonious relations between the leader and workers. It is this exchange of ideas and interaction between leadership and followers that inspires teamwork and quality performance at workplace. Changes must be appropriately factored in the planning of an organization. Fire rescue demands effective and timely communication of information in order to avoid fire disasters getting out of hand. Fire and rescue leadership is the pivot around which operations and tasks are managed for safety and goals to be achieved. Literature review Group and team managers working in fire stations are the principle leaders who strategize vision and explain it to employees. Lifelong learning, emotional intelligence and self awareness are very important leadership at all levels (Cote, 2003 P. 14). Fire outbreaks are an emergency which if not managed properly could lead to devastating effects. Prior preparation and strategic planning is therefore necessary in benchmarking precise decisions and innovations which can thwart a crisis. Training is therefore part and parcel of the organizational culture of transformational leadership in fire safety and rescue services. An effective leader should possess a character of humility and courage in order to direct fellow workers in preventing and arresting fire emergencies. Such a leader should also be charismatic enough to influence focus in employees towards achieving organizational objectives. Fire and rescue training is an important component of managing fire risks and associated damages. The training program is fragmented in several sections that correspond to variety in expertise. The daunting task of training falls in the hands of the fire engineers and management which look into technical details of the training and financial allocation respectively. The fire engineer outlines the curriculum for the training taking into account engineering and architectural details that apply to fire safety. It is the duty of management to support training programs financially. Fire fighting requires enormous investment in monetary terms towards purchasing facilities and equipment for quenching fires. Rescue operations also require the support of machinery and equipment that guarantee the safety of the rescuing personnel and survivors during a fire outbreak. Joint trainings are carried out by experienced managers and engineers who ensure that fine details are adhered to while minimizing financial spending. Too much fragmentation of the training program could lead to duplication of tasks in teams which could result in wastage of resources (Muckett & Furness, 2007 P. 16). Joint trainings foster lucrative professional relationships across disciplines that facilitate exchange of ideas between experts on matters of fire safety and rescue services. It is therefore the duty of fire and rescue leadership to organize the different trainings into a formidable program that ensures that roles are properly assigned, resources economically allocated and time saved in the process. Meaning training should be carried out in an integrated approach instead of stand alone activities in various teams. The quantity and quality of the training should serve the main purpose and goal of the organization towards reducing the devastating effects of fires while enhancing rescue services successfully. Effective education and training should ensure skills are acquired within the time frames allocated. Qualified instructors provide integrated training which can ensure mutual operations in fire and rescue services. Allocation of relevant resources for training should be consistent with the training program and the topics to be covered. It is the task of the leadership to ensure that courses are covered effectively and information recorded regarding attendance and compliance of employees to the program. Competency targets need to be clearly stated and explained to employees undergoing the training for purposes of evaluating their work performance (Hoff & Kolomay, 2003 P. 19). Documentation of the training in terms of attendance and compliance by trainees is a key performance indicator of success. Information management is equally an important aspect of the training program which ensures that relevant data is taught with respect to the current trends and practices in fire safety and recue services. Current trends include emerging technologies and techniques that provide solutions to the problems at hand. Fire and rescue leadership should evaluate technologies and alternative techniques with the aim of weighing their cost and applicability in their organizations. The current system and structure of preventing and arresting fires should be investigated against the modern approaches after which decisions can be appropriately made. In case the current system does not support a comprehensive and precise fire rescue operation during emergencies, then it could be improved based on the modern technologies or otherwise replaced where the current system fails to provide expected results. Maintaining the current system with new innovative technologies saves time and resources as compared to an entire overhaul (Smeby, 2005 P. 15). Methodologies Leadership should guarantee safety of people and securing of property during fire outbreaks. Managers, supervisors and managers should ensure that resources are appropriately allocated to the important activities and programs. Different departments can be trained through a rotational program that recognizes the needs of each of them. Such a rotational program is cost-effective and proficient in terms of training the entire staff comprehensively. It is also the duty of the management to ensure that legal compliance to fire protection is observed. Standards related to the physical design of the building and escape routes during fire emergencies should be factored in fire management policies (Crosby, 2007 P. 17). This enables organizations to avoid unnecessary confrontations with the law and architectural specifications in case of fire. Apart from the support provided to continuous education and training of personnel on matters of fire safety, the smooth running of organizations is a factor of how compliant they are to the established code of conduct and professional ethics. The use of appropriate technologies and techniques in fire fighting and prevention of physical damage is only effective if physical security conforms to architectural specifications. Leadership is therefore tasked to educate employees on fire safety protocols such as the use of fire extinguishers and first aid. The fire service and rescue operations should therefore be designed in respect of the industry standards and technological advancements. A culture of fire prevention should be developed instead of the regular approaches where efforts are directed on fire suppression after an outbreak. Fatalities and damages can be effectively reduced if fire prevention is prioritized (Cote, 2003 P. 20). Firefighting however persists as an important strategy in managing fire outbreaks. Leadership should therefore ensure that fatalities during firefighting are radically reduced. Normally, fire outbreaks are sudden. Detection of fires and smoke is thus crucial at its onset in firefighting. Communication systems which include alarm and smoke detection systems should be operational and properly maintained. This is because fire spreads at an unpredictable rate and may cause unfathomable fatalities and damage to property. It is therefore the responsibility of those in organizational leadership to ensure that the relative occupancies of different buildings are factored in fire safety protocols. Occupants should also be properly trained on how to respond to a fire emergency in order to avoid unnecessary panic and confusion that usually develops during such disasters. Behavioral leadership is therefore part and parcel of fire safety management (Muckett & Furness, 2007 P. 24). Rescue operations normally take time to reach the site of a fire outbreak. Fire safety should therefore seek to empower different occupants with skills for escape. Apart from robust infrastructure made up of proper communication tools, spacious physical design and escape routes, occupants should be properly trained on perishable skills that would ensure composure and communication is sustained throughout the period. For instance, people with disability require additional support in terms of alternative safe havens within the building which are insulated from fires in order to secure their lives before rescue operations are launched. It is equally important that these alternative safe havens are accessible to occupants with disabilities away from the congestion of other normal people during a fire incident. Conclusion Saving lives is the ultimate responsibility of fire safety and rescue operations. Different stakeholders are involved in planning, organizing and implementing activities which prevent and arrest fires. Fire and safety leadership ensures that fire prevention strategies are feasible in a dynamic environment where technologies keep changing and techniques in firefighting vary (Hoff & Kolomay, 2003 P. 28). It is the responsibility of organizational leadership to apply wisdom and innovation when designing the best procedures and policies in fire safety. It is important that the current systems are evaluated and appropriately upgraded in order to align organizational infrastructure in fire safety with relevant modern technologies. These are particularly important in designing communication and detection systems which can promptly alert occupants on the danger of fire. Since rescue operations take time to be launched, minimizing the degree of fatalities during a fire incident remains on top of the agenda in fire safety. Fire and rescue leadership should therefore apply collaborative and transformational approaches in organizing trainings and fire fighting strategies. Reference list Cote, A E 2003, Organizing for Fire and Rescue Services, NFPA (Series), Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sudbury, MA. Crosby, F C & Windisch, F C 2007, A Leadership Guide for Combination Fire Departments, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sudbury, MA. Hoff, R & Kolomay, R 2003, Firefighter Rescue & Survival, Penn Well Books, Oklahoma. Muckett, M & Furness, A 2007, Introduction to fire safety management, Butterworth- Heinemann, Amsterdam. Smeby, L C 2005, Fire and emergency service administration: management and leadership practices, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sudbury, MA.

PEST Analysis for a Company in the Tourism Industry Essay

The Tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industries in theworld. The World Travel and Tourism Council estimates that in 2004 Travel and tourism is expected to generate* US$ 5,490.4 billion of economic activity* 10.4% of total GDP* 214,697,000 jobs or 8.1% of total employment* 12.2% of total exports [1]My task is to conduct a PEST analysis for a company within the Tourismindustry. Within the tourism industry, I have to select one area of interestlike transportation, accommodation and transportation etc. and thenone company doing business with these sectors related with thetourism. According to Leiper ?Transportation is the only link between thetourist-generating region and destination region?[2]So, transportationwas a more interesting sector to discuss in the report but I tried tofind a company which is related with all these main sub-sectorsdiscussed above in the report. I have decided to look in the U.K market for such company because?Tourism is one of the largest industries in U.K, worth approximately75.9  £ Billion to the U.K economy in 2002 and supporting around 2.1million jobs.? [3]During my research on internet I found many companies offeringservices in the tourism of U.K but I have decided to choose ?SimplyTravel? because of its variety of services offering related with theaccommodation, transportation and attractions. 1.2 Problem FormulationIn the problem formulation part of my report I would describe theoverall situation of the U.K Tourism industry. The service concept of?Simply Travel? will give us information about the services providedby the company. I will find out about the customers, competitors ofthe company. I will find out what political, economical, social andtechnological factors affecting the company and its demand situation. 1.3 LimitationsThe biggest limitation for writing this report is time and the pagesto write. It is a broad topic and it could be better presented ifavailable more time and space to write about, but still I have triedto  highlight some main points raised during my finding. My knowledgeabout the company ?Simply Travel? is internet-based and I could notable to contact the company for further information. Due to the lackof information about the company I will only describe one component ofthe Service Management System. I will be describing only the OT partof the SWOT analysis. 1.4 MethodologyBeing inspired from the Service Management System I will describe theservice concept of the company .I will conduct a P.E.S.T analysis tofind out the political, economical, social and Technological factorsaffecting the company. From SWOT analysis, I was conducting OTanalysis to find opportunities for the ?Simply travel? in future. 1.5 DataI will use Secondary data collected from different industry reportsavailable on internet for my report. Data provided in conductingP.E.S.T analysis has been taken from www.statistics.gov.uk. Chapter 22.1 Simply Travel?s Service Concept[4]Established in 1978, Simply Travel has been providing travel solutionssince 26 years for the discerning travels who want more from theirholiday than just a decent tan. Not through the aggressive marketingtactics, but by providing an attractive alternative to mass-marketpackage holidays has lead ?Simply travel? to gain a big loyalty poolamong the holiday travellers. Mentioning about the core services provided by the, company provideshand- picked properties to meet the individual needs of its customers. Ski holidays, winter sun, Family holidays (special locations forfamily holidays with child care) helpful staff, peace of mind andsafety during the whole travel are the core services provided by thecompany. Unparalleled service, late availability, nannies for kids , pleasantexperiences for its customers are the peripheral services provided bythe company. 2.2 Service PackageService package provided by the company for different holiday travelsincludes all airport taxes, flights and transfers, accommodationincluding breakfast and meals and the service of its representatives. Chapter 33.1 CustomersHolidaymaking is the main reason that UK residents travel abroad. Asthe company deals with the both inbound and outbound tourism I willhave a brief look on the inbound and outbound market. Number ofoverseas visits by UK residents increased to 59.3 million in2002.Expenditures by these visitors, excluding international fares £27.07 billion-slightly higher than the total for the domestic market(which includes fares). Describing about the demographics of the customers, most of thecustomers are families with children and older people but latest trendhas been seen in the youth to take holidays. 3.1.1 Customers? Buying BehaviourContinued concerns over safety and security while travelling are foundin the customers for holiday travels. Tourists are increasingly buyingexperiences rather than a usual routine holiday. They try to find aparticular activity. The fuel blockades at U.K petrol stations, the events of 11thSeptember 2001, the foot and mouth outbreak, SARS and Iraqi war hashad continuous affect on the buying behaviour of UK market customers. Consumers are showing a continuing search for value for money fromtheir  holiday choices. Consumers expect more choice, individuality andvariety. 3.2 CompetitorsAggressive marketing by low cost airlines and internet bookingagencies present a big challenge for the holiday market. Airlines likeBritish Airways are offering customers to make their own travel plansthrough internet. Travel agents compete in variety of ways i.e. price,quality and the package itself. Companies offer special discountedpackages and also compete on branding. As there are hundreds oftravel agents in the U.K market so, it?s difficult to specify thecompetitors in the market. Travel select, Expedia, Travelocity, Ebookers and Thomas cook etc. are the big names in the market andoccupy the bigger part of holiday sales for the U.K customers. 3.3 MarketI can say that market is in a state of perfect competition and noindividual consumer and travel agent is in position to affect themarket. Key success factors for ?Simply Travel? are* Effectively segmented and targeted adventure travellers marketwithin the larger travel market. * Successfully positioned as travel specialists. * Personal interaction, media and marketing. * Repetition of customers, Loyalty pool3.4 PEST analysisTo assess the market for the business of ?Simply Travel? I willconduct PEST analysis to find out about the Political, Economic,Social and Technological factors in the external macro-environment. 3.4.1 Political FactorsPolitical arena has a huge influence upon the regulation of businesses.It includes government regulations and legal issues under whichbusinesses should operate. According to the findings, political environment of U.K. is quitestable. Issues like enlargement of European Union and war against terror havehad an  effect on the political stability of the government. In result of growing awareness of the environmental consequences, U.KGovernment is planning actions to ensure aviation reflects itsenvironmental impacts. Proposals are emerging for a tax on aviationfuel and VAT on air tickets. Government?s taxation policies and decision about the increasing thepetrol prices have affected the buying power of the individuals inU.K. The political decision as to whether a UK sign up to single Europeancurrency is again having an effect on the businesses. 3.4.2 Economic Factors Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customersand also affect the individual company’s offerings. U.K economy is benefiting form gradual low inflation rate. Inflationrate Inflation rate fell to 1.3% in February 2004. In U.K, unemployment is low. According to labour market statistics inJanuary 2004 fell down to 4.8 per cent. Job confidence is high andbecause of this confidence spending by consumer is also high. Predictions point to continuing GDP growth over the period averagingaround 2.4% a year (GDP rose by 0.9% in fourth quarter of 2003), withreal household disposable income rising at a somewhat faster rate. Household expenditures rose to 0.9 per cent with the increase indisposable income. The UK?s deficit on trade in goods and services in February 2004 stoodat  £3.2 billion ?compared with the revised deficit for January of  £4.4billion. Continued sales growth has been observed during the past few months inthe UK economy. Exchange rates are favourable for UK residents for travelling abroaddue to strong position of British Pound against the other foreigncurrencies. ?Euro? used as a single currency in many Europeancountries, is also stable against the other foreign currencies. Latest predictions for the UK economy suggest that it will remain oneof the strongest economies in the world over the next five years, withlow inflation (inflation fell to 1.3% during February 2004), lowunemployment and reasonable economic growth. The downside is that disparities between the wealthier parts of thecountry, not all in the south east of England, and pockets ofdeprivation, will get wider, with implications for travel demand. These are likely to influence the growth of the UK resident travelmarket. 3.4.3 Social FactorsA trend of getting internet access at home and buying online isdeveloping in the UK. According to statistics in September 2003, 11.9million households online were recorded. Listening to music or radio is a popular choice among the UKresidents.92% of people content to spend their evenings and weekendswatching TV or hired videos. To socialize, most people think toentertain family and friends at home rather than going out (79%). A great trend has been seen in U.K population about diet and healthissues in the recent years. This trend leads towards the need of morefitness clubs and organic food for the people from U.K Changes in thestructure of the population because of the immigrants from Europe,Asia and Africa etc. will also affect the supply and demands of goodswithin the U.K economy. Continued concerns over safety and security while travelling are foundin the U.K residents. Lifestyle changes have also been affecting the U.K travel market for anumber of years. Postponing the start of the family and an increase inthe number of households consisting of couples with two incomes arethe main trends toward the changing life style. Changing fashions,which are difficult to predict also have an affect on the market. 3.4.4 Technological FactorsThe rapid development of technology is affecting the businesses in UKand all over the world. Changes in the technology have changed the waybusinesses operate i.e. Internet booking for tickets and holidays. Faster changing development in technology creates a need to reactquickly for different businesses in order they want to maintain thecompetitive environment by providing the same innovative services,which their competitors are offering. Distribution of products by the use of technologies e.g. marketinginformation systems, customer relationship management are also commonpractices with different businesses for effective services to theircustomers. Chapter 44.1 Impacts on demand situationFindings from the PEST analysis will enable me to comment on theimpacts on the demand situation of the customers of the ?SimplyTravel?. ElasticitiesChanges in the quantity demanded due to change in price and income arevery important for the tourism industry. Rising disposable incomeamong the UK residents is the positive indication for the ?SimplyTravel? that people will have enough money to buy company?s products. However, Government?s fiscal policies for tax on aviation fuel and VATon air tickets will impact the company?s supply of services at thesame rate. Higher prices of the tour packages will lead to lesserdemand among the UK residents. Cross-Price ElasticitiesNot only a price change in the UK due to taxes is important but alsothe price of the facilities in other destinations where  company servesis also important. For example rising prices in Italy, Spain etc. fordifferent tourism related products will also make supply of productsexpensive for the tourists. TrendsLatest trends of home- entertainment and more awareness about the dietand health-issues does also have an impact on the demand of thetourist. Company will have to compile the Supplies of servicespackages with variety of facilities available according toindividual?s choice, so it can make supply of the products a bitexpensive for the customers. Purchasing methodGrowing direct purchases of holiday packages from airlines will impactthe demand situation .Buying the package direct from suppliers i.e. Hotels, air lines will decrease the demand of the tourists. Moreover, low inflation rate and high employment rate and favourableexchange rate will increase the buying power of the tourists so itwill increase the demand in British holiday travellers for the holidaytravels abroad. 4.2 OT analysisTo find opportunities and threats from the external environment forthe ?Simply Travel?, I will conduct the OT analysis. 4.2.1 OpportunitiesOpportunities exist for ?Simply Travel? in expanding the servicepackage according to the latest trends such as* Packages with individual concerned Diet and health matters* Adding particular activities for the tourists, providingexperiences* Providing more choice, individuality and variety. And providing the real value for the money of the tourists. 4.2.1 ThreatsCheap airlines adding facilities for the travellers to make their owntravel plan is the biggest threat for the company. Government?s decision to add taxes on aviation fuel and VAT for airlines are also a main threat for the company. Latest trends of home entertainment i.e. listening radio, watching TV,Inviting family and friends are also threatening the company. Terrorist attacks like 9/11 is also a big threat for the company. Chapter 5ConclusionI conclude my report by saying that the Holiday Travel market in UK isin a state of perfect competition. Though there are positive signs inthe economy for present and near future and buying power of theindividuals is increasing day by day but still ?Simply Travel ? is in need to expand its service package according to the latest trends. ———————————————————————[1] http://www.wttc.org/2004tsa/frameset2a.htm[2] Tourism, principles and practices,2nd edition,pp5[3] www.staruk.org.uk[4] The information used in describing the service concept and servicepackage of ?Simply travel? are obtained from www.simply-travel.com.

Pest Analysis Essay

The radical and ongoing changes occurring in society create an uncertain environment and have an impact on the function of the whole organization. A number of checklists have been developed as ways of cataloging the vast number of possible issues that might affect an industry. A PEST analysis is one of them that is merely a framework that categorizes environmental influences as political, economic, social and technological forces. The analysis examines the impact of each of these factors (and their interplay with each other) on the business. The results can then be used to take advantage of opportunities and to make contingency plans for threats when preparing business and strategic plans. PEST also ensures that company’s performance is aligned positively with the powerful forces of change that are affecting business environment. PEST is useful when a company decides to enter its business operations into new markets and new countries. i) Political As the government tightens the regulations on fast food advertising, MDD awaits further instructions from Malaysia’s Information Ministry. If its leading product, instant noodles, is to be classified as a â€Å"fast food†, the brand may be faced with an advertising ban and forced to explore alternative promotional channels once the mass media options are closed to it. However, this move towards greater health consciousness and nutritional awareness has been a gradual trend. As one of Malaysia’s largest food producers, we constantly manage and improve our material emission and waste standards. Independent verifications have been performed to ascertain that our emission levels are in compliance with the Malaysian Environmental Quality Act (Clean Air as well as Sewage ; Industrial Effluents) regulations. ii) Economic The global economy in the year 2009 began stabilising in the second half after governments worldwide intervened with stimulus plans. Some economies picked up earlier, particularly those within the Asian region; proving themselves to be more resilient to the downturn than initially feared. Likewise in Malaysia, the economy showed signs of recovery toward the end of FY2009, with Gross Domestic Product (â€Å"GDP†) rising by 4. 6% in the fourth quarter compared to the same quarter of the previous year. FY2009 was another record year for the MDD Group – a feat considering the challenging economic conditions. According to the 2009 Bank Negara Malaysia Annual Report, the food, beverages and tobacco industry helped sustain the domestic consumer demand, especially food products. The industry ended the year on a positive note as output picked up by year-end. iii) Social Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) MDD are constantly striving to reach out to the community, and this goes beyond tailoring company’s products to consumer taste or ensuring offerings reach the farthest corners of the globe. MDD too engage in community building and the fostering of moral values. MDD also committed to protecting the environment for the benefit of the younger generations. MDD manage the usage of recyclable materials, energy, water, emissions, effluent and waste to the approval of independent bodies and conform to the Malaysian Environmental Quality Regulations. MDD reached out to the underprivileged communities that they felt deserved their immediate attention, especially those who require dialysis care and children in need. MDD are committed to being a socially responsible company that endeavours to give back to the communities that the company operates in. MDD constantly strive to be able to improve the lives of the less fortunate, while ncouraging all employees to take a ‘hands on’ approach to company social responsibility initiatives. Caring, committed employees are the hallmark of a holistically successful organization and as a Malaysian entity, MDD are proud to be able to provide for the underprivileged in the society. Yayasan Mamee On Jan 1 2010, MDD have set up the Yayasan Mamee, and have pledged an initial RM2 million to need the foundation. Yayasan Mamee is the main benefactor to Yayasan Toh Puan Zurina, which is a foundation that cares for the needs of underprivileged dialysis patients. In 2009, MDD set up Yayasan with an initial contribution of RM800,000 which went towards the construction and upkeep of the centre, 10 dialysis machines as well as maintenance of trained medical staff. So far, MDD have extended free dialysis treatment and medicines to 5 End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients, and hope to extend to reach more patients in need in 2010. Caring for Children In 2009, the staff and management of MDD organized a series of visits to orphanages during festive periods, including Hari Raya, Chinese New Year and Deepavali. Gifts of hampers or ‘ang pows’ are handed out to children, and staff are encouraged to spend time with the children to bring them a little festive joy. There are also plans in the pipeline to set up a Scholarship Fund to look into the educational needs of deserving students from primary and secondary schools all over Malaysia. . Reduce, Recycle, Reuse In 2009, MDD led the way into the ‘green’ future by recycling emission gases from company production plants into viable sources of energy that were converted back into power for plants. This reduction of waste also translates into a more efficient way of conserving energy, and will form the basis for company commitment to environmental conservation and responsible manufacturing. iv) Technology The Group remains committed to R&D endeavour to develop new wellness products that are nutritious to appeal to the target consumers. Its R&D department is manned by 13 full-time staff and plays a crucial role in product improvement and new product development to achieve the company’s export objectives. MDD factories have received prestigious industry certifications such as ISO 9002, ISO 9001 and HACCP, while the company’s flagship brands such as Mister Potato Crisps and Nutrigen Liteyo have been honoured with local accolades. In 2004, its subsidiary, Pacific Food Products Sdn Bhd was awarded a Brand Promotion Grant of RM2 million by MATRADE to promote the Mamee brand in the export market. Being a fast growing organization with far-flung operational centre, multiple product lines and distribution channels, MDD have upgraded its IT implementation systems, in order to shorten decision making time and ensure better and more accurate decisions. MDD put its trust in SAP and credit the SAP ERP solution to a great extent with helping to quadruple revenues from 2002 till now. According to Pang, MDD achieved greater transparency of its internal processes in its day-to-day operations. This was crucial as the company became increasingly geographically diverse and its organizational size grew. This system improved the organization of MDD’s database, particularly in the areas of cost analysis, customer service and reporting transparency. MDD also plan to further implement an ERP and MRP solution to even better link up with suppliers and distributors.

Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communications - Essay Example However, photographing something appropriates the object as well. In comparison and contrast to documenting the past and linking it to the present and future through words, photography has a lesser manipulative element, leading to better expectations of authenticity. Photographs are not necessarily statements about the world as much as they are pieces of the world itself, miniatures of reality that is accessible to all. Photographs have become a constant means of experimentation, at the hands of the earlier artists who tried to use it as an effective medium, of the modern consumerist specialists and of those who document history and culture through them. The best means to popularize and preserve photographs is through publishing them in a book. But this would restrict the option to order them in accordance with the viewer’s preference. It also leads to a situation where quality time is not spent on viewing them, or where they are discarded altogether. Using photographs innovatively for the public was carried out by the movie Si j’avais quatre by Chris Marker. But the problem with such films is that they don’t provide photographs as collectibles. Since photographs furnish evidence, it had been used for political purposes as well. The Paris police has used photographic evidence in the murderous roundup of Communards. Photographs also justify an act, providing proof that it has happened. The relation photographs have to reality is more innocent and accurate than other mimetic objects. While painting and prose are narrowly selective interpretation, photography can be considered narrowly selective transparency. However, the elements of taste and conscience attribute an interpretative aspect to photographs. When someone aspired to attain a specific mood or message through photographs, the photographer’s view is transposed to the object photographed. Photography differs from painting due to its utilitarian aspect. In the early

The Impact Of Economic Globalization In The World Dissertation

The Impact Of Economic Globalization In The World - Dissertation Example According to Plato’s The Republic the primary purpose for the inception of society is the recognition of human insufficiency. This is based on the acknowledgment that a single person can perform better if the person focuses on performing functions of which the individual is highly efficient. From this perspective, Plato stipulated that specialization and the sharing of necessary skills are fundamental for the inception of society and its growth and development. Fast-tracking in the present, countries around the globe recognize the significance and necessity of being integrated into the global market for economic, social, and political development of particular countries. The participation in the global market of countries is made possible by the reality of globalization. Globalisation is not a contemporary development. In fact, it has been the long part of human history. However, contemporary connotation and implication of globalization are unique in the contemporary period ba sed on the supposition that it has the widest reach and implication (Haase, 2012Soomro et al., 2011). This means that the impact of globalization permeates all facets of global society transforming the dynamics of both local and international transactions (Gruber, 2011). As such, economic globalization serves as the fundamental framework paving for all the other changes to transpire. 1.1.Background of the Study Globalisation has been approached and defined in various ways (Suarez-Orozco and Qin-Hilliard, 2004).

Vial filling and terminal sterilisation for drug in pharmacology FDA Essay

Vial filling and terminal sterilisation for drug in pharmacology FDA - Essay Example The main sterilization processes relate to terminal sterilization and aseptic filing process which incorporates the vial filling and syringe filling. The Closed Vial Filling System (CVFS) is composed of containers that are sterile and closed and are filled through their stoppers, then resealed again immediately to avoid entry of bacteria. The main characteristics of the process relate to a surrounding environment of ISO 8 minimum operation, an enclosure system, sanitization and prevention of material entry. The enclosure system includes a rig was to separate the operation from operators, HEPA-filtered air flow supplied from the ceiling with air exit, locked doors, with alarms, glove ports for area access entry of product to be filled and through aseptic connector. The entry of material is through closed vials that have been pre-sterilized by gamma rays, through rapid transfer ports (RTP) and through VHP airlock using PE wrapped vial. Entry can also be through caps which are sterilized earlier and a fluid path sterilized by gamma rays. Sanitation is through disinfection of all contact places, bags for fluid path and within the vials using an agent with spores. High quality and design are observed in the terminal sterilization

Appraising The Performance Of An Organizations Employees Essay

Appraising The Performance Of An Organizations Employees - Essay Example Indeed, making a business successful in a particular setting demands crucial and detailed studies and examination of the factors that will generate the best results that will serve the aims and objectives of the company. In this light, owners of big business organizations operating in a competitive business environment should be in constant look out with its competitors and the overall status and events in the industry. Taking advantage of the opportunities and intensifying the strengths while minimizing the risks and weaknesses of a business firm greatly helps in predicting the success in business enterprise. Graphic rating scale can be used in appraising the performance of an organization's employees. Ranking employees from best to worst on a particular trait, choosing highest, then lowest, until all are ranked. Another method is the Alternation ranking method - An appraisal method that aims at combining the benefits of narrative and quantified ratings by anchoring a quantified scale with specific narrative examples of good and poor performance. (bars) . Paired comparison method - Keeping a record of uncommonly good or undesirable examples of an employees work-related behavior and reviewing it with the employee at predetermined times. (critical incident). While in forced distribution method, uses a scale that lists a number of traits and a range of performance for each. The employee is then rated by identifying the score that best describes his or her performance for each trait. Similar to grading on a curve; predetermined percentages of rates are placed in various performance categories. (forced distribution) Management by objectives (MBO) - Involves setting specific measurable objectives with each employee and then periodically reviewing the progress made. Management By Objectives (MBO), is a traditional management approach to directing the efforts of managers and the organizational units for which they are responsible. It is intended to motivate stronger performance on the part of managers and employees through goal setting, participative decision-making, and objective feedback (Rodgers and Hunter, 1992). In its broadest construction, it is seen as a planning and control system which is designed to encourage self-control over an individual's work while assuring that managers' efforts are aligned with the organization's overall goals and priorities. According to Swiss (1991), the heart of a full-fledged MBO process is the negotiation between a higher level manager and a subordinate manager of a performance contract that has the components such as major objectives to be accomplished by the subordinate manager within specified completion dates, resource commitments to support these objectives, action plans and milestones for accomplishin g these objectives, periodic meetings of the manager and subordinate to review progress and make midcourse corrections if necessary, and an assessment at the end of the MBO cycle of the subordinate's performance, which should feed into both personnel appraisal processes and MBO planning for the next cycle. Swiss (1991) characterizes MBO as being particularly useful for providing direction and control over project oriented agencies where workloads shift and priorities tend to change frequently, as opposed to another major management approach, performance monitoring, which may be more appropriate for managing the continuing operations of organizations whose outputs are relatively stable. LearnInMotion.com: The Performance Appraisal Jennifer and Mel disagree over the importance of having performance appraisals. Mel says it's quite clear whether

Business strategy case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business strategy analysis - Case Study Example A BETA format video recorder was manufactured and produced by many companies like Sanyo, Toshiba etc. But this technology was going to meet a violent end. It was a hit in its introducing year since Sony went ahead to produce a Beta format home video system and Sanyo was producing the top selling beta format video recorder. Beta grabbed one-third of the UK market in 1975. Sony was in an agreement with JVC and the two companies had signed a deal formerly, to produce U-Mat technology and this deal was known as the U-Matic deal. Sony had taken one wrong step during this deal since they were too arrogant and aggressive enough to take most of the credit for the technology in the market. Thus, JVC had a grudge against Sony for this unfair treatment. When Sony produced Betamax they were still in a deal with JVC and once again Sony made the mistake of not accepting JVC's advice on replacing Betamax with JVC's new find which was better in all aspects, "Video Home System" (VHS) technology. Sony was once again to arrogant to accept the advice from JVC and they paid a price for it. JVC launched VHS in 1976 and this format swarmed the market. By 1980, VHS had a 70% market share in North America. By 1984, all strategic companies started to produce VHS format video recorders. Everyone adopted this new and better technology. But there are specific reasons to why Betamax failed due to Sony's bad strategy management. (SJ. Liebowitz, Stephen E. Margolis; 1996) Sony's strategy had flaws and the major flaw was that they had not conducted a proper market research about what the customer really wants. Sony had a wrong perception about what the customers really wanted. They believed the customers would go for the high quality of recording and not the length of the recording. VHS could record up to 4hrs of video whereas; Beta could record up to 3hrs and 35minutes. Customers wanted greater length and not quality of the video. So, VHS sold more and became a HIT! Beta was a high quality video format so the costs involved were high compared to VHS; therefore, the retail price for Beta was higher than that of VHS. This market is price sensitive and Sony took another wrong decision. Sony should have taken informed decisions in the market to avoid the embarrassment and the failure of their baby product that died in its infant stages. Sony could have both gracefully let go of Beta and taken JVC's advice to adopt VHS technology. But the company should have had conducted a market research to know the consumer demands. This would have saved them from making uninformed decisions that were a fatal risk and ended in a failure. Otherwise Sony could have marketed Beta with a different approach by targeting the right market. They could have targeted their product to a niche market that preferred quality over quantity. This way VHS and Beta would be competing in two different markets since VHS was mass marketed. BLU-RAY and HD-DVD BLU-RAY and HD-DVD (High Definition) are the latest buzz in the video format market but history is repeating itself since once again the two formats are in a war to gain the highest market share. BLU-RAY is considered to be more superior to HD-DVD because RAY can record two hours of digital HD (high definition) video and thirteen hours of SD video. HD-DVD has 40% less storage capacity comparatively. Sony's BLU-RAY or Toshiba's HD-DVD need

Good Man Is Hard To Find By Flannery O'Connor Research Paper

Good Man Is Hard To Find By Flannery O'Connor - Research Paper Example O’Connor drew experiences for her work from growing up as a Catholic in the South and this explains why she featured religious themes by having priest characters in her work. She had her first publication while at the University of Iowa undertaking her master’s degree. Afterwards, she went on to spend time at a Sarasota Springs, Yaddo that is acclaimed as a retreat for New York artists. Her most recognized work was A Good Man is Hard to Find and other stories published in 1955 and in 1965 Everything that Rises must Converge. She received various awards, most prominent the O Henry Award in 1957 and posthumously, in 1972 the National Book Award. Introduction Cited as one of the best examples of Southern Gothic literature, A Good Man is Hard to Find is set around a family of six- a grandmother, Bailey, his wife, baby and two children as well as a character known as The Misfit. These are the main characters of the story that is centered on the family going on vacation to ea st Tennessee as suggested by the grandmother, instead of Florida which was Bailey’s original idea. ... The family ignores Bailey’s mother referred to simply as The Grandmother and heads off to Florida from their home in Georgia the following day. In the morning the family sets off with The Grandmother being seen to have gained enthusiasm for the trip, she secretly stows away her cat in a basket and wears a dress and a hat with flowers stating that this would ensure that if they had an accident people would be able to recognize her as a lady (O’Connor 3b). This paper seeks to explore a theme of grace versus contradictory Christian beliefs following the beliefs held by The Grandmother and The Misfit. The contradictory Christian belief is a general mistrust of others that The Grandmother mentions whereas The Misfit is seen to live a life of remorselessness yet he wonders about Jesus. The story is generally a dark comical tale where its comical feature is mainly brought out by the character of The Grandmother. While in the car headed towards Florida, The Grandmother tells th e children various stories one such being about one of her suitors a man by the name Edgar Atkins Teagarden who brought her a watermelon each week carved with his initials- E.A.T but one time a black kid ate the watermelon because he read the watermelons as eat (O’Connor 5b). The family then proceeds to stop by a restaurant known as Tower owned by a man named Red Sammy Butts, here O’Connor highlights the theme of mistrust through Red Sammy who states that he had sold gas to some men promising that they would return to pay him but they did not. He tells this story to The Grandmother who commends him for being kind and calls him a good man. Red Sammy’s wife comes into the conversation stating that she also does not trust anyone, her husband included. Red Sammy maintains

American Psychiatric Association Essay Example for Free

American Psychiatric Association Essay The dynamics of the child who kills likely differ depending on the type of killing. On one hand we might expect the typical youngster involved in a gang killing to have antisocial traits and a history of gang involvement or wanna-be gang behavior. On the other hand the child who kills a mother or father is more likely to have had a history of serious physical or sexual abuse. A girl who kills her infant, if not in a postpartum depressed or psychotic state, is likely to have hidden the pregnancy from others and to have very poor coping skills; often she has completely denied the pregnancy to herself and others. Now we are learning about the dynamics of children who kill at school: many are said to be socially isolated, alienated, and the objects of bullying by others. Research samples of children who kill are often small and are samples of convenience: for example, a sample might be all the convicted children being held in a particular facility. Nevertheless, there may be some data to be gleaned from these studies even though the findings may not be entirely generalizable. Ewing (1990) notes that most children who kill are evaluated by mental health experts, because homicide by a young person is almost automatically thought of as the result of mental disturbance. Most are not found to be psychotic, and many seem to receive diagnoses of relatively mild disorders. Also most are not intellectually limited, but a disproportionate number have learning disorders. Cornell, Benedek, and Benedek (1987) studied seventy-two children charged with homicide and classified them into three groups: adolescents who manifested overt psychotic symptoms at the time of the offense, adolescents who killed in the course of another criminal activity such as robbery or rape, and adolescents involved in an interpersonal conflict or dispute with the victim. Corder, Ball, and Haizlip (1976) compared adolescents who had committed parricide to those who had killed another relative or a close acquaintance and to those who had killed a stranger. They found that all could be characterized as having backgrounds of serious family maladjustment (defined as marital conflict, child abuse, and parent substance abuse or other criminal activity), but those who killed parents were less likely to have a history of poor impulse control and aggressive behavior and more likely to be overly attached to their mother. The small sample size (ten children in each group), however, limits the generalizability of this study. A portion of children who kill appear to have abnormal brain functioning. In more clinical terms, they have neurological impairment (Lewis, Shanok, Grant, Ritvo, 1983). This comes from a variety of causes, including exposure to drugs in utero, head injuries from childhood accidents, high fevers, other medical conditions, and child abuse. Lewis et al. (1988) conducted extensive neurological evaluations on fourteen death row juveniles convicted of murder and found that every one had a history of symptoms consistent with brain damage. Lewis, Shanok, Grant, and Ritvo (1983) also studied ninety-seven incarcerated juvenile delinquents. They compared more violent offenders to less violent, using a global rating scale, and found that the more violent delinquents were more paranoid, more loose and illogical in their speech, and more likely to have neurological dysfunction. They were also more likely to have witnessed extreme violence. One of the most common findings in the histories of children who kill parents is child abuse. In some studies this is defined as witnessing domestic violence (Ewing, 1990), but more commonly the child has been a victim of abuse, often brutal in nature (Ewing, 1990; Mones, 2001). McCloskey and Walker (2000), in a large sample of children from violent households, found a high incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Thirty-eight percent of the abused children met criteria for PTSD, and all of those who were abusedand also saw their mothers abused met criteria for PTSD. This disorder presents with a range of serious symptoms, including flashbacks and hypervigilance to danger. Sometimes children kill to protect their battered mother; often this is after years of severe violence and the mothers increasing debilitation. More typically, the child kills to escape what is a physically and psychologically intolerable situation. Meaning the abused child finds him/herself â€Å"locked† in a highly conflictual, dependent relationship that he or she could no longer sustain or give up, making homicide a â€Å"solution† to intense conflict. Children and adolescents who kill are often misdiagnosed as having antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Many have a history prior to the homicide of antisocial conduct, substance abuse, truancy, running away, and problems getting along with others. Truancy and running away from home were especially likely to be found in children who eventually killed one of their parents (Ewing, 1990). Some evaluators use the act of homicide itself to support a diagnosis of ASPD, but this results from faulty logic and a lack of knowledge of the diagnostic criteria for the disorder. It is important to note, also, that in addition to meeting these criteria the patient must have a childhood history of conduct disorder for a diagnosis of ASPD and that the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 2004) is quite specific that ASPD not be diagnosed in adolescence. In general, the strongest predictors of school violence are neighborhood conditions such as poverty, population turnover, and crime rates, and the greatest risk factor for killing a parent is a history of severe, inescapable child abuse (Mones, 2001). With these caveats, accumulated data from clinical and research studies suggest the following as warning signs of homicidal violence: Exposure to violence, either in the home or in the community. Although exposure to television violence is not commonly cited, it is a factor in a number of homicides, and preoccupation with violent imagery is a particular warning sign. A lack of success with the normal tasks of adolescence: for example, failing in school, having no extracurricular involvement. Social rejection and poor social supports. Alienation and lack of empathy develop in large part from social deprivation. Many school shooters have been described as â€Å"loners. † These youngsters have intense feelings of being alone, and the absence of social support also reduces their general ability to cope with the ups and downs of adolescent life. †¢ Intense anger that has accumulated from past painful events, usually surrounding relationships (rejection, failure, or other narcissistic wounds). †¢ An inability to express or resolve intense feelings in adaptive ways, and a proclivity for externalizing defenses, or acting out. References American Psychiatric Association. (2004). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (7th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author. Corder, B. F. , Ball, B. C. , Haizlip, T. M. (1976). Adolescent parricide: A comparison with other adolescent murder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 957–961. Cornell, D. G. (1989). Causes of juvenile homicide: A review of the literature. In E. P. Benedek (Ed. ), Juvenile homicide (pp. 3–36). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Supporting Child Language Development

Supporting Child Language Development Hay Fielding-Barnsley (2012) believed that there are firm reciprocal connections between childrens language development, logical reasoning and their achievements at school. In order to best promote these relationships, childrens language and speech should be motived, acknowledged and respected in a social positive learning environment. Childrens academic achievement in literacy, which is multi-dimensional and interactive, depends on two periods of learning (Hay Fielding-Barnsley, 2012). Cunningham Stanovich (1997) stated that a first process is the cognitive memory development; children quickly identify the orthographic features of the word then connect this to semantic meaning of the word (Hay Fielding-Barnsley, 2012). Second, they get the meaning of the text by motivating and interacting to become independent readers (Bishop Leonard, 2000) as cited in Hay Fielding-Barnsley (2012). A key factor to a successful rate of childrens mastery language and literacy is the quality of environment; surrounding in the home and out of home settings (Hay Fielding-Barnsley, 2012). Fellows Oakley (2014, p. 71) highlights that from the moment of birth, parents and family members influence childrens speech, language acquisition and learning through daily communicative exchanges. Evidences also show that the higher socioeconomic status children are from, the better childrens language and literacy skills will be improved. For example: children of low-income and low-educated parents lack three times opportunities to communicate and interact with their parents (Hay Fielding-Barnsley, 2012). In an outside aspect, childcare setting plays significant role on nurturing secure relationship and fostering rich language experience (Fellows Oakley, 2014). For example: appropriate programs at school and designed interventions such as closing expressive and receptive language gap activitie s can help children become more fluent in their language and literacy (Hay Fielding-Barnsley, 2012). Winne and Nesbit (2009) and Vygotsky (1978), researchers of social learning theory, state that Language and literacy development has seen as an essential part of childrens cognitive development framework (Hay Fielding-Barnsley, 2012). In addition, Blank (2002) believes that interactive and self-enhancing skills are important to young childrens early language and ability to use reasoning from the social learning circumstance. When children understand the words expressed, they are able to use them in complex settings and their ability is enhanced to reason. As educators, we support childrens language and reasoning development by providing opportunities for them to make their own dialogue, questioning and talking (Blank, 2002). Any childs response should be always seen as a learning opportunity to enhance his or her confidence in conservation with others, criticizing or closing off the conversation for wrong responses of a child is not highly recommended (Hay Fielding-Barnsley, 2012). On the other hand, if childrens responses are not valued and accepted, they remain silent to talk and lack language and literacy development (Hay Fielding-Barnsley, 2012). The article shows evidence of the necessary and appropriate preparation for childrens language and cognitive development in early school years. Priority is given for educators and others to understand the strong relationship between childrens language development, cognitive thinking and their school achievement as well as supporting; valuating childrens language development in a positive environment. References: Blank, M, (2002), Classroom discourse: A key to literacy. In K, Butler E, Silliman (Eds), Speaking, reading and writing in children with learning disabilities: New paradigms in research and practice (pp. 151-173), Malwah, NJ: Erlbaum Hay, I. Fielding-Barnsley, R. (2012). Social learning, language and literacy. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 37(1), 24 29. Fellows, J., Oakley, G. (2014) Language, Literacy and early childhood education (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

The Pearl :: essays research papers

The Pearl By John Steinbeck   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting of the story was primarily in an impoverished Mexican-Indian community in La Paz, roughly around the 1900s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kino is a prime example of a developing character. From beginning to the end, he develops drastically. At the beginning, he was thought out to be a good loyal husband, but as time went on, he became a selfish, greedy individual who would do anything for money. Juana was Kino’s young wife. She was respectful, and very tolerant towards Kino. Coyotito was Kino and Juana’s only child. Juan Tomas was Kino’s brother, and Apolonia was his wife; both had four children, and very little is known about both of them. The doctor was a very stout, and greedy man, and didn’t heal, or treat his patients if they didn’t have money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The conflict began when a scorpion stung Coyotito. He became very ill, and the doctor refused to cure Kino’s son for the reason that they had no money. On that very same day, Kino found the pearl that would change his life, as well as the people around him. The pearl brought great danger to Kino and his family. Everybody in the community knew about Kino’s finding, which resulted in everybody desiring the pearl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ever since King Midas' lust for gold, it appears to be that man has acquired a greed and appetite for wealth. Kino, Juana, and the doctor have all undergone a change due to money. They’re all affected by their hunger for wealth and are the base for their own destruction, and the destruction of society. The theme of The Pearl is mainly of man's self-destruction through greed, and the hunger for wealth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several different symbols in this story. The scorpion that stung Coyotito could simply mean the vulnerability and the possibility of danger that Kino and his family face ahead. The pearl may also symbolize evil, and how it brought the radical change in Kino and his wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pearl was thought to be the stability and prosperity that Kino hoped for his family. However, there were also alternate feelings of jealousy and greed in the community. The pearl was intended to solve all of Kino’s problems, but it ended up destroying his life, dreams, and the death of his son.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kino lived with his wife Juana, and his baby son Coyotito in a brush hut. Coyotito got stung by a scorpion, and got very ill.

What Is the Purpose of Education? Essay -- Environmental Education, Ph

Getting educated is very important for every person. It goes without saying that each of us has to have a proper education. We learn how to read, count and write. These are the basic abilities we acquire and use during our life. Is there any other purpose of education or it is aimed only at giving us a possibility to communicate our ideas and satisfy basic needs? During centuries, there were different interpretations of the purpose of education. Many scientists, pedagogues and philosophers tried to answer the question: what is the purpose of education? Taking into consideration the needs and tendencies of a modern society, we can assume that the purpose of education is to prepare students to be self-sufficient citizens capable of solving real world problems. We all live and work to support our society which, in its turn, provides as with security and other benefits. To support this â€Å"balance†, we should build education based on standards of decency and human survival by the need of the social community. In other words, one should be educated in order to serve the society. There ar...

Essay --

Reading response Price gouging is increasing the price of a product during crisis or disaster. The price is increased due to temporal increase in demand while supply remains constrained. In many jurisdictions, price gauging is widely considered as immoral and is illegal. However, from a market point of view, price gouging is a correct outcome of an efficient market. As shown above, crisis increases demand for the product leading to a shortage. Supply does not change. Equilibrium price now shifts to the right and increases. The market is now ready and willing to pay for the product or service at a higher price. Upon seeing long of people waiting for the product, sellers either hike the price or bring in more supplies if it were possible. If more suppliers are brought, equilibrium price goes back to normal. If supply cannot be increased, sellers increase the price of the product or service. In an efficient market, price increase brought about by a crisis of otherwise is natural. Due to surge in demand, people cannot get the same product at the original price during shortage. Without an increase in the price, the shortage will become worse as sellers will not have the incentive to avail more products in the market. A Price increase gives sellers an incentive to provide more of a product in the product and price goes down to an economically efficient price. Because price gouging is banned in most jurisdictions, rationing the product is done through bribing and first-come-first-served basis. Price gouging is opposed because in a crisis, supply in the short run is perfectly inelastic as shown below. In a hurricane, the infrastructure may be destroyed making impossible to get new supplies. Increased the price during this pe... ...e. A price gouger needs to charge more in order to avail the product or service. In the case of Raleigh, the roads to the town were not accessible due to fallen trees and rocks. An entrepreneur would need to cut the trees and remove the rocks in order to take the product there. People who do that need compensation for all the trouble they take to bring products to the market. The youths who brought ice to Raleigh town had to cut down trees in order to access town. Instead of selling ice as the â€Å"right price† of less than 2 dollars, the youths charged more than 8 dollars. The price provided just there right compensation for all their efforts. Banning price gouging led to serious suffering of the people because the little food left went bad causing even more losses. For a few dollars for the price of ice, Raleigh residents could have saved millions worth of food.

Functions of Doctrine in a Christian and African Perspective

Doctrine, in Ninian Smart’s dimensions of religion refers to the writings and textbook knowledge that people have regarding their religion. This is exactly what people believe about their respective religions passed on from the generation to generation. Doctrine is in fact, â€Å"the set of answers one has accepted to life’s profound questions. † It intrinsically comprises what the ethical standards of a certain religion would have and it â€Å"directly affects† the behavior of its followers. The â€Å"symbolic and mythical† are given order by doctrine, since people cannot rely on abstract truths alone.The main purpose of doctrine is to give â€Å"authoritative and sometimes systematic proofs that their religious reality and everyday reality is one and the same. † It may also be said that doctrines are somewhat answers laid out by the authoritative body in a certain religion, to answer the questions of life. They are â€Å"logical† hig hly systematized body of religious knowledge intrinsic in religion. It is evident that when two opposing doctrines clash, â€Å"believers commit the most bloody atrocities in the name of their belief† and in the process stay true to the doctrines they uphold.Certain aspects of the human life such as â€Å"death, suffering and change† are given light by religious doctrines, since it gives a foundation of belief to the religious follower. It may be said that people need something to hold on too, because these facts of life are much too grave for the ordinary human mind. In general, doctrines are â€Å"belief systems which provide answers to certain boundary/identity questions. † What cannot be explained is therefore given light by religious doctrines, and this help in a person’s acceptance of life and its realities.The functions then of doctrine are to â€Å"bring order and focus to myth and ritual†, â€Å"provide institutionalization of answers to the unexplainable†, â€Å"control boundaries of religious expression†, and â€Å"determine what is inclusive and exclusive in a given religion. † African religion has been greatly questioned by early European explorers visiting the continent. Some Africans were actually even converted to both Islam and Christianity through these explorers. In modern times, African religion still continues to be dominantly pagan.Dialogues regarding African religions have had certain difficulties since African â€Å"ethnic groups lack a term for religion in the Western sense as an entity or activity separate from everyday life. † Africans uphold religion as a complete way of life. African religion also may become misleading, since doctrines per tribe differ in degree and belief, where it is only called â€Å"doctrines† for formality purposes. As most world religions, the African religions hold that there is one creator of the universe who withdrew and remains remote f rom the concerns of the world.Believers do not directly talk to this god, nor do they offer sacrifices to him. Instead, secondary divinities are seen as ‘middlemen’ between them and their god. They are considered as â€Å"children of the god† or at least are held to be high ranking in their religious hierarchy. It should be noted that African â€Å"religions do not demand adherence to any single doctrine. † The intent of these religions is almost always pragmatic, where â€Å"religious rituals serve as strategies for reinforcing life, fertility and power. Doctrine then for them is a set of practice and rituals that they do in order for them to survive.What they believe in is that â€Å"the principal vision shared by African religions is that human beings must vigilantly maintain a harmonious relationship with divine powers in order to prosper. † The goal of these religions is to control these divine powers for the betterment of their lives, and â⠂¬Å"ritual is the way to do so†. A practical way of looking at religion and doctrine is what comprises African religions.Ritual then â€Å"ensures a community’s responsible relationship with ancestors who are guardians of the moral order, with spiritual forces within nature, and with the gods. † Of course, for Christianity, it is a totally different story. Doctrine for Christianity is a way of life, yet it is not purely for survival. Rituals are present yet not in the same sense as African religion where they offer animal sacrifices and hold mystical ceremonies. Christian doctrine therefore is an ethical way of life, a compilation of the facts about the religion, compiled by the Catholic Church.Christian doctrine therefore centers on the truth about God, Jesus and life. These are ways on how to live a Christian life which also teaches the way of Jesus. It may be seen as dogmatic, since the early doctrines were considered more of dogma than a religion that can hel p in a person’s salvation. These Catholic doctrines had been protested and continuously scrutinized by scientists and philosophers like Friedrich Nietzsche. The Catholic Church has been known in its early years to have imposed a way of life to the Christians, implementing soul and even physical persecution in the name of sin.The Catholic Church, though not changing the religious doctrines through time, adapts to the modern world of democracy and human rights. Persecution, like in Dante’s Inferno is not taught anymore, and was instructed to be uplifted because people follow not because they believe in the doctrine, but because of fear of persecution. Christian doctrine has now become a way of life for most Christians, deepening and rejuvenating their faith in their daily lives through it.

Separation of Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses

Laboratory Report Assignment N. 2 Separation of Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses Instructor Name:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Walid Hubbi By: Dante Castillo Mordechi Dahan Haley Kim November 21, 2010 ECE 494 A -102 Electrical Engineering Lab Ill Table of Contents Objectives3 Equipment and Parts4 Equipment and parts ratings5 Procedure6 Final Connection Diagram7 Data Sheets8 Computations and Results10 Curves14 Analysis20 Discussion27 Conclusion28 Appendix29 Bibliography34 ObjectivesInitially, the purpose of this laboratory experiment was to separate the eddy-current and hysteresis losses at various frequencies and flux densities utilizing the Epstein Core Loss Testing equipment. However, due to technical difficulties encountered when using the watt-meters, and time constraints, we were unable to finish the experiment. Our professor acknowledging the fact that it was not our fault changed the objective of the experiment to the following: * To experimentally determine the inductance value of an in ductor with and without a magnetic core. * To experimentally determine the total loss in the core of the transformer.Equipment and Parts * 1 low-power-factor (LPF) watt-meter * 2 digital multi-meters * 1 Epstein piece of test equipment * Single-phase variac Equipment and parts ratings Multimeters: Alpa 90 Series Multimeter APPA-95 Serial No. 81601112 Wattmetters:Hampden Model: ACWM-100-2 Single-phase variac:Part Number: B2E 0-100 Model: N/A (LPF) Watt-meter: Part Number: 43284 Model: PY5 Epstein test equipment: Part Number: N/A Model: N/A Procedure The procedure for this laboratory experiment consists of two phases: A. Watt-meters accuracy determination -Recording applied voltage -Measuring current flowing into test circuit Plotting relative error vs. voltage applied B. Determination of Inductance value for inductor w/ and w/o a magnetic core -Measuring the resistance value of the inductor -Recording applied voltages and measuring current flowing into the circuit If part A of the ab ove described procedure had been successful, we would have followed the following set of instructions: 1. Complete table 2. 1 using (2. 10) 2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2. 1 3. Connect the power supply from the bench panel to the INPUT of the single phase variac and connect the OUTPUT of the variac to the circuit. 4.Wait for the instructor to adjust the frequency and maximum output voltage available for your panel. 5. Adjust the variac to obtain voltages Es as calculated in table 2. 1. For each applied voltage, measure and record Es and W in table 2. 2. The above sets of instructions make references to the manual of our course. Final Connection Diagram Figure 1: Circuit for Epstein core loss test set-up The above diagrams were obtained from the section that describes the experiment in the student manual. Data Sheets Part 1: Experimentally Determining the Inductance Value of Inductor Table 1: Measurements obtained without magnetic coreInductor Without Magnetic Core| V [V ]| I [A]| Z [ohm]| P [W]| 20| 1. 397| 14. 31639| 27. 94| 10| 0. 78| 12. 82051| 7. 8| 15| 1. 067| 14. 05811| 16. 005| Table 2: Measurements obtained with magnetic core Inductor With Magnetic Core| V [V]| I [A]| Z [ohm]| P [W]| 10. 2| 0. 188| 54. 25532| 1. 9176| 15. 1| 0. 269| 56. 13383| 4. 0619| 20| 0. 35| 57. 14286| 7| Part 2: Experimentally Determining Losses in the Core of the Epstein Testing Equipment Table 3: Core loss data provided by instructor | f=30 Hz| f=40 Hz| f=50 Hz| f=60 Hz| Bm| Es [Volts]| W [Watts]| Es [Volts]| W [Watts]| Es [Volts]| W [Watts]| Es [Volts]| W [Watts]| 0. | 20. 8| 1. 0| 27. 7| 1. 5| 34. 6| 3. 0| 41. 5| 3. 8| 0. 6| 31. 1| 2. 5| 41. 5| 4. 5| 51. 9| 6. 0| 62. 3| 7. 5| 0. 8| 41. 5| 4. 5| 55. 4| 7. 4| 69. 2| 11. 3| 83. 0| 15. 0| 1. 0| 51. 9| 7. 0| 69. 2| 11. 5| 86. 5| 16. 8| 103. 6| 21. 3| 1. 2| 62. 3| 10. 4| 83. 0| 16. 2| 103. 8| 22. 5| 124. 5| 33. 8| Table 4: Calculated values of Es for different values of Bm Es=1. 73*f*Bm| Bm| f=30 Hz| f=40 Hz| f=50 Hz| f =60 Hz| 0. 4| 20. 76| 27. 68| 34. 6| 41. 52| 0. 6| 31. 14| 41. 52| 51. 9| 62. 28| 0. 8| 41. 52| 55. 36| 69. 2| 83. 04| 1| 51. 9| 69. 2| 86. 5| 103. 8| 1. 2| 62. 28| 83. 04| 103. 8| 124. 56| Computations and ResultsPart 1: Experimentally Determining the Inductance Value of Inductor Table 5: Calculating values of inductances with and without magnetic core Calculating Inductances| Resistance [ohm]| 2. 50| Impedence w/o Magnetic Core (mean) [ohm]| 13. 73| Impedence w/ Magnetic Core (mean) [ohm]| 55. 84| Reactance w/o Magnetic Core [ohm]| 13. 50| Reactance w/ Magnetic Core [ohm]| 55. 79| Inductance w/o Magnetic Core [henry]| 0. 04| Inductance w/ Magnetic Core [henry]| 0. 15| The values in Table 4 were calculated using the following formulas: Z=VI Z=R+jX X=Z2-R2 L=X2 60 Part 2: Experimentally Determining Losses in the Core of the Epstein TestingEquipment Table 5: Calculation of hysteresis and Eddy-current losses Table 2. 3: Data Sheet for Eddy-Current and Hysteresis Losses|   | f=30 Hz| f=40 Hz| f=50 Hz| f=60 Hz| Bm| slope| y-intercept| Pe [W]| Ph [W]| Pe [W]| Ph [W]| Pe [W]| Ph [W]| Pe [W]| Ph [W]| 0. 4| 0. 0011| -0. 0021| 1. 01| 0. 06| 1. 80| 0. 08| 2. 81| 0. 10| 4. 05| 0. 12| 0. 6| 0. 0013| 0. 0506| 1. 19| 1. 52| 2. 12| 2. 02| 3. 31| 2. 53| 4. 77| 3. 03| 0. 8| 0. 0034| 0. 0493| 3. 07| 1. 48| 5. 46| 1. 97| 8. 53| 2. 47| 12. 28| 2. 96| 1. 0| 0. 0041| 0. 1169| 3. 72| 3. 51| 6. 62| 4. 68| 10. 34| 5. 85| 14. 89| 7. 01| 1. 2| 0. 0070| 0. 1285| 6. 6| 3. 86| 11. 12| 5. 14| 17. 38| 6. 43| 25. 02| 7. 71| Table 6: Calculation of relative error between measure core loss and the sum of the calculated hysteresis and Eddy-current losses at f=30 Hz W=Pe+Ph @ f=30 Hz| W [Watts]| Pe [Watts]| Ph [Watts]| Pe+Ph| Rel. Error| 1. 0| 1. 0125| 0. 0625| 1. 075| 7. 50%| 2. 5| 1. 1925| 1. 5174| 2. 7099| 8. 40%| 4. 5| 3. 069| 1. 479| 4. 548| 1. 07%| 7. 0| 3. 7215| 3. 507| 7. 2285| 3. 26%| 10. 4| 6. 255| 3. 855| 10. 11| 2. 79%| Table 7: Calculation of relative error between measure core los s and the sum of the calculated hysteresis and Eddy-current losses at f=40 HzW=Pe+Ph @ f=40 Hz| W [Watts]| Pe [Watts]| Ph [Watts]| Pe+Ph| Rel. Error| 1. 5| 1. 8| 0. 0833| 1. 8833| 25. 55%| 4. 5| 2. 12| 2. 0232| 4. 1432| 7. 93%| 7. 4| 5. 456| 1. 972| 7. 428| 0. 38%| 11. 5| 6. 616| 4. 676| 11. 292| 1. 81%| 16. 2| 11. 12| 5. 14| 16. 26| 0. 37%| Table 8: Calculation of relative error between measure core loss and the sum of the calculated hysteresis and Eddy-current losses at f=50 Hz W=Pe+Ph @ f=50 Hz| W [Watts]| Pe [Watts]| Ph [Watts]| Pe+Ph| Rel. Error| 3. 0| 2. 8125| 0. 1042| 2. 9167| 2. 78%| 6. 0| 3. 3125| 2. 529| 5. 8415| 2. 64%| 11. 3| 8. 525| 2. 465| 10. 99| 2. 1%| 16. 8| 10. 3375| 5. 845| 16. 1825| 3. 39%| 22. 5| 17. 375| 6. 425| 23. 8| 5. 78%| Table 9: Calculation of relative error between measure core loss and the sum of the calculated hysteresis and Eddy-current losses at f=60 Hz W=Pe+Ph @ f=60 Hz| W [Watts]| Pe [Watts]| Ph [Watts]| Pe+Ph| Rel. Error| 3. 8| 4. 05| 0. 125| 4. 175| 11. 33%| 7. 5| 4. 77| 3. 0348| 7. 8048| 4. 06%| 15. 0| 12. 276| 2. 958| 15. 234| 1. 56%| 21. 3| 14. 886| 7. 014| 21. 9| 3. 06%| 33. 8| 25. 02| 7. 71| 32. 73| 3. 02%| Curves Figure 1: Power ratio vs. frequency for Bm=0. 4 Figure 2: Power ratio vs. frequency for Bm=0. 6Figure 3: Power ratio vs. frequency for Bm=0. 8 Figure 4: Power ratio vs. frequency for Bm=1. 0 Figure 5: Power ratio vs. frequency for Bm=1. 2 Figure 6: Plot of the log of normalized hysteresis loss vs. log of magnetic flux density Figure 7: Plot of the log of normalized Eddy-current loss vs. log of magnetic flux density Figure 8: Plot of Kg core loss vs. frequency Figure 9: Plot of hysteresis power loss vs. frequency for different values of Bm Figure 10: Plot of Eddy-current power loss vs. frequency for different values of Bm Analysis Figure 11: Linear fit through power frequency ratio vs. requency for Bm=0. 4 The plot in Figure 6 was generated using Matlab’s curve fitting tool. In addition, in order to ob tain the straight line displayed in figure 6, an exclusion rule was created in which the data points in the middle were ignored. The slope and the y-intercept of the line are p1 and p2 respectively. y=mx+b fx=p1x+p2 m=p1=0. 001125 b=p2=-0. 002083 Figure 12: Linear fit through power frequency ratio vs. frequency for Bm=0. 6 The plot in figure 7 was generated in the same manner as the plot in figure 6. The slope and y-intercept obtained for this case are: m=p1=0. 001325 b=p2=0. 5058 Figure 13: Linear fit through power frequency ratio vs. frequency for Bm=0. 8 For the linear fit displayed in figure 8, no exclusion was used. The data points were well behaved; therefore the exclusion was not necessary. The slope and y-intercept are the following: m=p1=0. 00341 b=p2=0. 0493 Figure 14: Linear fit through power frequency ratio vs. frequency for Bm=1. 0 The use of exclusions was not necessary for this particular fit. The slope and y-intercept are listed below: m=p1=0. 004135 b=p2=0. 1169 Fig ure 15: Linear fit through power frequency ratio vs. frequency for Bm=1. 2The use of exclusions was not necessary for this particular fit. The slope and y-intercept are listed below: m=p1=0. 00695 b=p2=0. 1285 Figure 16: Linear fit through log (Kh*Bm^n) vs. log Bm For the plot in figure 11, exclusion was created to ignore the value in the bottom left corner. This was done because this value was negative which implies that the hysteresis loss had to be negative, and this result did not make sense. The slope of this straight line represents the exponent n and the y intercept represents log(Kh). b=logKh>Kh=10b=10-1. 014=0. 097 n=m=1. 554 Figure 17: Linear fit through log (Ke*Bm^2) vs. og Bm No exclusion rule was necessary to perform the linear fit through the data points. b=logKe>Ke=10b=0. 004487 Discussion 1. Discuss how eddy-current losses and hysteresis losses can be reduced in a transformer core. To reduce eddy-currents, the armature and field cores are constructed from laminated s teel sheets. The laminated sheets are insulated from one another so that current cannot flow from one sheet to the other. To   reduce   hysteresis   losses,   most   DC   armatures   are   constructed   of   heat-treated   silicon   steel, which has an inherently low hysteresis loss. . Using the hysteresis loss data, compute the value for the constant n. n=1. 554 The details of how this parameter was computed are under the analysis section. 3. Explain why the wattmeter voltage coil must be connected across the secondary winding terminals. The watt-meter voltage coil must be connected across the secondary winding terminals because the whole purpose of this experiment is to measure and separate the losses that occur in the core of a transformer, and connecting the potential coil to the secondary is the only way of measuring the loss.Recall that in an ideal transformer P into the primary is equal to P out of the secondary, but in reality, P into the primary is n ot equal to P out of the secondary. This is due to the core losses that we want to measure in this experiment. Conclusion I believe that this laboratory experiment was successful because the objectives of both part 1 and 2 were fulfilled, namely, to experimentally determine the inductance value of an inductor with and without a magnetic core and to separate the core losses into Hysteresis and Eddy-current losses.The inductance values were determined and the values obtained made sense. As expected the inductance of an inductor without the addition of a magnetic core was less than that of an inductor with a magnetic core. Furthermore, part 2 of this experiment was successful in the sense that after our professor provided us with the necessary measurement values, meaningful data analysis and calculations were made possible. The data obtained using matlab’s curve fitting toolbox made physical sense and allowed us to plot several required graphs.Even though analyzing the first set of values our professor provided us with was very difficult and time consuming, after receiving an email with more detailed information on how to analyze the data provided to us, we were able to get the job done. In addition to fulfilling the goals of this experiment, I consider this laboratory was even more of a success because it provided us with the opportunity of using matlab for data analysis and visualization. I know this is a valuable skill to mastery over. Appendix Matlab Code used to generate plots and the linear fits %% Defining range of variables Bm=[0. 4:. 2:1. ]; % Maximum magnetic flux density f=[30:10:60]; % range of frequencies in Hz Es1=[20. 8 31. 1 41. 5 51. 9 62. 3]; % Induced voltage on the secundary @ 30 Hz Es2=[27. 7 41. 5 55. 4 69. 2 83. 0]; % Induced voltage on the secundary @ 40 Hz Es3=[34. 6 51. 9 69. 2 86. 5 103. 8]; % Induced voltage on the secundary @ 50 Hz Es4=[41. 5 62. 3 83. 0 103. 6 124. 5]; % Induced voltage on the secundary @ 60 Hz W1=[1 2. 5 4. 5 7 10. 4]; % Power loss in the core @ 30 Hz W2=[1. 5 4. 5 7. 4 11. 5 16. 2]; % Power loss in the core @ 40 Hz W3=[3 6 11. 3 16. 8 22. ]; % Power loss in the core @ 50 Hz W4=[3. 8 7. 5 15. 0 21. 3 33. 8]; % Power loss in the core @ 60 Hz W=[W1†² W2†² W3†² W4†²]; % Power loss for all frequencies W_f1=W(1,:). /f; % Power to frequency ratio for Bm=0. 4 W_f2=W(2,:). /f; % Power to frequency ratio for Bm=0. 6 W_f3=W(3,:). /f; % Power to frequency ratio for Bm=0. 8 W_f4=W(4,:). /f; % Power to frequency ratio for Bm=1 W_f5=W(5,:). /f; % Power to frequency ratio for Bm=1. 2 %% Generating plots of W/f vs frequency for diffrent values of Bm Plotting W/f vs. frequency for Bm=0. 4 plot(f,W_f1,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Ratio [W/Hz]'); grid on; title(‘Power Ratio vs. Frequency For Bm=0. 4†²); % Plotting W/f vs. frequency for Bm=0. 6 figure(2); plot(f,W_f2,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(â €˜Power Ratio [W/Hz]'); grid on; title(‘Power Ratio vs. Frequency For Bm=0. 6†²); % Plotting W/f vs. frequency for Bm=0. 8 figure(3); plot(f,W_f3,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Ratio [W/Hz]'); grid on; title(‘Power Ratio vs. Frequency For Bm=0. 8†²); % Plotting W/f vs. frequency for Bm=1. figure(4); plot(f,W_f4,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Ratio [W/Hz]'); grid on; title(‘Power Ratio vs. Frequency For Bm=1. 0†²); % Plotting W/f vs. frequency for Bm=1. 2 figure(5); plot(f,W_f5,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Ratio [W/Hz]'); grid on; title(‘Power Ratio vs. Frequency For Bm=1. 2†²); %% Obtaining Kh and n b=[-0. 002083 0. 05058 0. 0493 0. 1169 0. 1285]; % b=Kh*Bm^n log_b=log10(abs(b)); % Computing the log of magnitude of b( y-intercept) log_Bm=log10(Bm); % Computing the log of Bm Plotting log(Kh*Bm^n) vs. log(B m) figure(6); plot(log_Bm,log_b,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘log(Bm)'); ylabel(‘log(Kh*Bm^n)'); grid on; title(‘Log of Normalized Hysteresis Loss vs. Log of Magnetic Flux Density'); %% Obtaining Ke m=[0. 001125 0. 001325 0. 00341 0. 004135 0. 00695]; % m=Ke*Bm^2 log_m=log10(m); % Computing the log of m% Plotting log(Ke*Bm^2) vs. log(Bm) figure(7); plot(log_Bm,log_m,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘log(Bm)'); ylabel(‘log(Ke*Bm^2)'); grid on; title(‘Log of Normalized Eddy-Current Loss vs. Log of Magnetic Flux Density'); % Plotting W/10 vs. frequency at different values of Bm PLD1=W(1,:). /10; % Power Loss Density for Bm=0. 4 PLD2=W(2,:). /10; % Power Loss Density for Bm=0. 6 PLD3=W(3,:). /10; % Power Loss Density for Bm=0. 8 PLD4=W(4,:). /10; % Power Loss Density for Bm=1. 0 PLD5=W(5,:). /10; % Power Loss Density for Bm=1. 2 figure(8); plot(f,PLD1,'rX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Loss Density [W/Kg]'); grid on; title(‘Power Loss Density vs. Frequency'); old; plot(f,PLD2,'bX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Loss Density [W/Kg]'); grid on; title(‘Power Loss Density vs. Frequency'); plot(f,PLD3,'kX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Loss Density [W/Kg]'); grid on; title(‘Power Loss Density vs. Frequency'); plot(f,PLD4,'mX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Loss Density [W/Kg]'); grid on; title(‘Power Loss Density vs. Frequency'); plot(f,PLD5,'gX','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Power Loss Density [W/Kg]'); grid on; title(‘Power Loss Density vs.Frequency');legend(‘Bm=0. 4†²,'Bm=0. 6', ‘Bm=0. 8', ‘Bm=1. 0', ‘Bm=1. 2†²); %% Defining Ph and Pe Ph=abs(f'*b); Pe=abs(((f'). ^2)*m); %% Plotting Ph for different values of frequency % For Bm=0. 4 figure(9); plot(f,Ph(:,1),'r','MarkerSize',12); xl abel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); % For Bm=0. 6 hold; plot(f,Ph(:,2),'k','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); % For Bm=0. 8 lot(f,Ph(:,3),'g','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); % For Bm=1. 0 plot(f,Ph(:,4),'b','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); % For Bm=1. 0 plot(f,Ph(:,5),'c','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); legend(‘Bm=0. 4†²,'Bm=0. 6', ‘Bm=0. 8', ‘Bm=1. 0', ‘Bm=1. 2†²); % Plotting P e vs frequency for different values of Bm % For Bm=0. 4 figure(9); plot(f,Pe(:,1),'r','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); % For Bm=0. 6 hold; plot(f,Pe(:,2),'k','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); % For Bm=0. 8 plot(f,Pe(:,3),'g','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); For Bm=1. 0 plot(f,Pe(:,4),'b','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Hysteresis Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Hysteresis Power Loss vs. Frequency'); % For Bm=1. 0 plot(f,Pe(:,5),'c','MarkerSize',12); xlabel(‘Frequency [Hz]'); ylabel(‘Eddy-Current Power Loss [W]'); grid on; title(‘Eddy-Current Power Loss vs. Frequency'); l egend(‘Bm=0. 4†²,'Bm=0. 6', ‘Bm=0. 8', ‘Bm=1. 0', ‘Bm=1. 2'); Bibliography Chapman, Stephen J. Electric Machinery Fundamentals. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education, 2005. Print. http://www. tpub. com/content/doe/h1011v2/css/h1011v2_89. htm

Child Rearing in the Us and Colombia Essay

Early care-giving is a major factor for a child to feel secure to explore the world around them (Carbonell, Alzate, Bustamente & Quiceno , 2002). How different is this early care-giving between two cultures such as the United States and Colombia? This is a look at the differences and similiaries of raising girls, both born in 1988, in Colombia and the United States. Both girls were raised in nuclear families, with one older sibling, close enough in age to be a major part of each girl’s daily life. One was raised in Colombia, although she moved to the United States at the age of eleven, while the other was raised completely in the United States. Both parents of each girl were interviewed as well as the girl herself. The basic stepping stones, the times that parents love to videotape, the â€Å"baby’s first† moments all seem to happen relatively similarly in both girls. Self-reported by Paulina, was that she walked around the age of ten months. Similarly, Jane walked at the age of ten months. Both were somewhat delayed in speech, enough so to be taken to doctors. In each case, the parents were told that the child would speak if the family stopped following the non-verbal directions from the child. Paulina’s first words were â€Å"eso,† Spanish for â€Å"that,† and â€Å"Ma. † Jane’s first word was â€Å"Ah-yah† which was meant to be â€Å"Alex,† her brother’s name. Paulina stood alone at the age of eight months (personal communication with subject), as did Jane (personal communication with subject). Punishment is something all parents must figure out. Hispanics tend to mollify children and be more lenient (Figueroa-Moseley, Ramey, Keltner & Lanzi, 2006). Hispanic parents tend to try to calm their child rather than work towards developmental goals, which tend to be more valued in the United States. Neither girl was punished in the form of â€Å"grounding,† but both were warned with simple looks from their parents, such as glaring and both girls were yelled at as well. Corporal punishment was used for each girl as well. Paulina was â€Å"smacked,† and Jane was occasionally spanked. Jane would be sent to her room or made to sit in a chair as in a â€Å"Time Out,† however Paulina never experienced a â€Å"Time Out† and recollects that such a thing was not common in Colombia. Both girls were raised to speak their mind, and not wait to be spoken to, as long as what was said was respectful. Questions were welcomed by both families, but the girls were expected to know the time and place in which to ask questions. Each girl was also allowed to pick out her own clothes, which has been shown to be good for children, as children see it is important for them to make some of their own decisions, and identify with the choices (Ardila-Rey, Killen, 2001). Paulina’s mother tried to teach her what matched, but eventually gave up trying when it, although Colombian mothers tend to worry about the outward appearance of their children (Carbonell et al, 2002). When asked what Jane would choose to wear, Jane’s mother replied, â€Å"Anything that didn’t match,† although she, too, tried to teach her daughter matching. No major restrictions were set upon either girl, except to be respectful. Respect was emphasized in both situations. As respect was emphasized from child to adult, so was it shown from adult to child. Both children were kept informed of what was happening in the family. Children were expected to be a part of dinner conversation and were allowed to participate in the adults’ lives. Also, both children were given reasoning behind decisions and had things explained? â€Å"because I said so† was used only when the situation would be later explained, and the consequences of an action were described rather than a mere â€Å"don’t do it. † Chores were a part of each girl’s life as well. Both were expected to do what was asked of them to help around the house– dusting, vacuuming, clearing the table, etc. Jane was expected to help with dinner, which included getting food from the refrigerator, carrying things to the table, loading the dishwasher, setting the table, and occasionally stirring. Jane was given an allowance of approximately five dollars a week, but this was never in exchange for doing her chores. Paulina, too, was not paid for doing her chores. She states, â€Å"I was part of the family and therefore I was expected to work in the house without any sort of reward (personal communication, April 10, 2007). † Colombia tends to be a collective society that looks to the benefit of the group, rather than the individual (Pilgrim, Reuda-Riedle, 2002), which applies to this situation in that Paulina was expected to help keep the house in order, without ? payment’ because it was for the greater good of the family, being part of the group is an important aspects of a collective culture. Family relationships and interdependence? a common bond between family members, working together for the benefit of the family? tend to be much more emphasized in Hispanic cultures (Carbonell et al, 2002). A major part of any culture is food and dining, and children are a part of that. Children often lose some of their appetite between ages two and six, and because parents worry, bad food habits are put into place. Sugary foods are offered if a child finishes a meal, and many foods have vitamins and nutrients added. However iron, zinc, and calcium are seen to be deficient because juices and sodas are replacing milk, and cereals and processed foods replace fresh fruits and vegetables (Berger, 2006). It is also hard to maintain good eating habits during this age, because children often need meals to be â€Å"just right. † Children have very determined ideas for what should be eaten, how it should be eaten, and the entire situation surrounding the meal. Often times the food â€Å"required† is not healthy food, but rather sugary or similar to fast-food, like chicken nuggets or French fries. Paulina ate dinner together with her family every night, generally at eight o’clock, as is customary in Colombia. Her mother did most of the cooking, and after dinner, either her mom would not clean up, or her mother would, but with the help of her daughters, while her father did other household things. On weekends, most meals were eaten together. Breakfast was generally around ten o’clock in the morning and lunch was around three o’clock in the afternoon. Very few times, her father would cook, although he cooks more now that they live in the United States. Food was as healthy and fresh as possible. Snacks were fresh fruits, and there were never packaged foods in the house. Jane would eat dinner with her family as well, often around seven o’clock in the evening, when her father came home. She would eat breakfast and lunch with her brother until this was no longer possible because of school. Jane’s mother did most of the cooking, and the children were expected to help. Snacks were often dry cereal like Cheerios, apples, crackers, or cheese. Paulina started learning numbers and how to read and write at the age of four, when she went to preschool. The debate of how children should be taught to read can be broken into two sides; phonetics and whole language (Berger, 2006). Phonetics looks at each sound of each letter, while whole language, encouraged by Piaget, says that concentrating on the goal of fluency and communication is more important than individual words (Berger, 2006). Jane also attended a preschool at the age of four, but it was not as much structured, formal schooling. Both were taken to a part-day day-care or nursery school for the opportunity to socialize with other children. While at nursery school, Paulina was mostly made to play with toys. Jane attended a Co-op nursery school at a Unitarian Universalist church. In a Co-op nursery school parents take turns coming into the school to help supervise stations and participate in the nursery school experience. Stations were set up, such as a Reading Corner, Snacks, and a daily feature, such as tracing bodies on large sheets of paper or crafts. Co-op nursery schools are not typical in the United States, but Jane’s parents thought it was important to be involved with their children when possible and for their children to have the socialization experience. Both were read to everyday. Jane was read to a two to three times a day, for about fifteen minutes each time, but also had labels, signs, and anything printed read to her during everyday life. Jane was occasionally, but not often spoken to in â€Å"Baby Talk,† while Paulina was never spoken to in â€Å"Baby Talk,† as her parents thought speaking to her regularly would help her learn to understand. Both parents acknowledge that their children were not raised in a way that is typical to their individual cultures, and that is evident looking at the two girls in adolescence and early adulthood. Both girls realize that because their parents were stricter when they were young, that as the girls grew older; their parents didn’t need to be as strict. Each girl knew what was expected of her and was therefore given more freedom as she matured. Many times this appeared to friends as though the girl could do what she pleased, although this was not the case. The girls knew the limits of what they could do without being told. Both sets of parents relied more on their trust in their daughter than blatantly telling her what she could or could not do. Obviously, there are some differences and some similarities between raising children in Colombia versus the United States. Developmentally, the children seem to be similar, and most of the parenting is more alike than different. References Ardila-Rey, A. & Killen, M. (2001). Middle class Colombian children’s evaluations of personal, moral, and social-conventional interactions in the classroom. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25 (3), 246-255 Berger, K. (2006). The Developing Person: Through Childhood and Adolescence (7th ed. ). New York: Worth Publishers. Figueroa, C. , Ramey, C. , Keltner, B. , & Lanzi, R. (2006). Variations in Latino Parenting Practices and Their Effects on Child Cognitive Developmental Outcomes. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 28, 102-114. Pilgram, C. & Rueda-Riedle, A. (2002). The importance of social context in cross-cultural comparisions: First graders in Colombia and the United States. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 163 (3), 283- 296. Posada, G. , Jacobs, A. , Richmond, M. , Carbonell, O. , Alzate, G. , Bustamante, M. , & Quiceno, J. (2002). Maternal Caregiving and Infant Security in Two Cultures. Developmental Psychology, 38 (1), 67-78.